{"id":651,"date":"2025-07-29T16:21:20","date_gmt":"2025-07-29T16:21:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/davecarrera.com\/?p=651"},"modified":"2025-07-29T16:21:20","modified_gmt":"2025-07-29T16:21:20","slug":"the-problem-with-proving-what-you-knew-online","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/davecarrera.com\/index.php\/2025\/07\/29\/the-problem-with-proving-what-you-knew-online\/","title":{"rendered":"The Problem With Proving What You \u201cKnew\u201d Online"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em><strong>Why Section\u202f179 of the Online Safety Act may be impossible to enforce fairly<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Online Safety Act 2023<\/strong> was sold to the public as a way to protect people \u2014 particularly children \u2014 from the worst of the digital world. But tucked inside its many pages is a new criminal offence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Section\u202f179.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It makes it illegal to <strong>send a false message online with the intent to cause non\u2011trivial psychological or physical harm<\/strong> \u2014 and without a \u201creasonable excuse.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At first glance, it sounds sensible. Stop people from deliberately spreading damaging lies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But here\u2019s the problem: <strong>how do you prove what someone <em>knew<\/em> when they posted or shared something online?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When &amp; Who Added Section\u202f179?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Section\u202f179<\/strong> originated at the drafting stage of the <strong>Online Safety Bill<\/strong>, introduced in the Commons in <strong>March 2022<\/strong>, following multiple pre-legislative discussions. The decision to create a <strong>false communications offence<\/strong>\u2014 replacing older laws like Section\u202f127 of the Communications Act 2003 and parts of the Malicious Communications Act\u2014was influenced heavily by media coverage of riots and misinformation after the <strong>Summer 2024 Southport events<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_Safety_Act_2023?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bylinetimes.com\/2024\/08\/12\/uk-riots-misinformation-online-safety-act\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Byline Times<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the Bill passed through the House of Lords earlier in 2023, peers debated and framed the new provision carefully. It was confirmed in <strong>Lords Report and Third Reading stages<\/strong> that <strong>Section\u202f179<\/strong> would become a stand-alone offence penalising individuals for knowingly sharing false material intended to cause \u201cnon-trivial psychological or physical harm\u201d .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, <strong>Section\u202f179 was built into the Act as part of its original clause structure<\/strong>, rather than added late. Its shape reflects the Ministers\u2019 intent to modernise communications offences for the digital age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How the Law Defines Guilt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For a conviction under Section\u202f179, prosecutors must prove that the accused:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sent or posted a message they <strong>knew to be false<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intended that it would cause <strong>non-trivial psychological or physical harm<\/strong> to a likely audience;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Had <strong>no reasonable excuse<\/strong> to send it <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mishcon.com\/news\/the-online-safety-act-individual-criminal-liability-new-and-amended-offences?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mishcon.com<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cps.gov.uk\/legal-guidance\/communications-offences?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cps.gov.uk<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_Safety_Act_2023?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinesafetyact.net\/analysis\/disinformation-and-disorder-the-limits-of-the-online-safety-act\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">onlinesafetyact.net<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words \u2014 it\u2019s not enough that the content was false. The prosecution must prove definitely that the sender <strong>knew<\/strong> it was false and meant for it to hurt someone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why It\u2019s So Problematic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83e\udd14 Proof of Knowledge<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>How can you prove what someone <em>believed<\/em> at the instant they clicked \u201cshare\u201d? It comes down to indirect evidence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Repeated posts from known unreliable sites;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Private messages admitting uncertainty;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evidence someone was warned previously;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tone or context showing recklessness not belief.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The risk is that an innocent misunderstanding or over-eager sharing is treated as criminal intent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u26a0\ufe0f Subjective Harm<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>What counts as <strong>\u201cnon-trivial harm\u201d<\/strong>? It\u2019s not defined in law, leaving wide prosecutorial discretion. That creates inconsistency\u2014and potential misuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2696\ufe0f Intent Over Impact<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>You can be guilty without causing harm\u2014just for intending it. That makes <strong>state of mind<\/strong> the centre of the charge, not the outcome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary Table<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Element<\/th><th>What It Means<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/td><td>Drafted into the Bill in 2022, confirmed by Lords in 2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Knowledge<\/strong><\/td><td>Must prove sender <strong>knew<\/strong> message was false<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Harm threshold<\/strong><\/td><td>Must intend to cause <strong>non-trivial psychological or physical harm<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Prosecution window<\/strong><\/td><td>Within 3 years of offence being sent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Exemptions<\/strong><\/td><td>Recognised news publishers cannot be prosecuted under this clause<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Impossible Burden<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Think about your own online habits. How many articles, videos, or posts have you shared in the last year?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Did you fact\u2011check every one of them?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Could you prove, in court, that you genuinely believed them to be true?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That\u2019s what Section\u202f179 demands: prosecutors would need to show that you <strong>knew a message was false<\/strong> at the time you sent it \u2014 not just that it was inaccurate, but that you personally understood it to be false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That\u2019s a very high bar. And yet at the same time, it\u2019s also a very <strong>subjective<\/strong> one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How Might They Try to Prove It?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Prosecutors could point to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Past behaviour:<\/strong> Had you posted similar content before and been warned?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Private messages:<\/strong> Did you admit in chats or DMs that you knew it wasn\u2019t true?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Source reliability:<\/strong> Did you post from a site known for hoaxes or fabrications?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tone and context:<\/strong> Did you share it with the aim of stirring outrage rather than debate?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, it won\u2019t be about the post alone \u2014 it will be about proving what was in your head when you hit \u201csend.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why This Is So Controversial<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Critics of Section\u202f179 \u2014 including legal commentators and free speech advocates \u2014 argue that it risks being:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Overreaching<\/strong> \u2013 creating a chilling effect where people are too scared to share anything contentious.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Politicised<\/strong> \u2013 leaving \u201ctruth\u201d and \u201charm\u201d to be defined by those in power at any given moment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unrealistic<\/strong> \u2013 expecting everyday users to verify information with the rigour of a professional journalist before sharing it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>And that\u2019s before you consider the murky phrase <strong>\u201cnon\u2011trivial psychological harm\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 a term still undefined in law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Intent vs Impact<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps the strangest part?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You don\u2019t even need to <strong>cause<\/strong> harm to be guilty under Section\u202f179. You only need to intend it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That means the offence is about <strong>state of mind<\/strong> \u2014 punishing digital intent, not necessarily digital impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why This Matters<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This isn\u2019t just an academic debate. Laws like this shape how freely we can speak online.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, there\u2019s a need to tackle malicious disinformation. But if the line between <strong>malicious lies<\/strong> and <strong>honest mistakes<\/strong> is drawn too loosely, we risk criminalising people for sharing what they <em>believed<\/em> to be true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And that should make anyone nervous \u2014 whatever their politics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Hope isn&#8217;t what they promise you.<br>It&#8217;s how you carry on when they don\u2019t deliver.<\/strong><\/em><br>\u2014 <strong>Dave Carrera<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why Section\u202f179 of the Online Safety Act may be impossible to enforce fairly The Online Safety Act 2023 was sold to the public as a way to protect people \u2014 particularly children \u2014 from the worst of the digital world. But tucked inside its many pages is a new criminal offence: Section\u202f179. It makes it [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":652,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[182],"tags":[248,249,217],"class_list":["post-651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-thoughts","tag-online-safety-act","tag-section-179","tag-uk-government"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Problem With Proving What You \u201cKnew\u201d Online - The Other Side of Dave<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/davecarrera.com\/index.php\/2025\/07\/29\/the-problem-with-proving-what-you-knew-online\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Problem With Proving What You \u201cKnew\u201d Online - The Other Side of Dave\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Why Section\u202f179 of the Online Safety Act may be impossible to enforce fairly The Online Safety Act 2023 was sold to the public as a way to protect people \u2014 particularly children \u2014 from the worst of the digital world. 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